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The Republic of Serbia is a landlocked country in Central and Southeastern Europe, covering the southern part of the Pannonian Basin and the central part of the Balkan Peninsula. It covers a total area of 88,361 km². This geographical location made it a link between Western and Eastern Europe and also Europe and Asia. Capital of Serbia is Belgrade (Beograd) with a population of more than 1,6 million.
Today`s state was built on the foundations of both the Austrian and Turkish empires: throughout the centuries of its formation there was a constant mixture of Oriental and European influences, including both Byzantian and Western heritages. These influences are evident in the language, architecture and folklore. This diversity is also reflected in the mozaic of spiritual and ethnic traditions.
In the republic of Serbia today there are 9.8 million people of 37 ethnic groups. Serbian is the formal language whilst in Vojvodina in N Serbia there is also Hungarian, Slovakian, Croatian, Romanian and Rusinian (Ukrainian origin) languages spoken by minority groups, whilst in Kosovo and Metohija the majority is Albanian.
Serbia is a land of variety and contrasts. In the north there is the vast plain of Vojvodina which is drained by the very large rivers Danube, Tisa and Sava. Vojvodina is the grannery of the country because of its deep dark alluvial soil producing wheat, sunflowers and maize. The typical old style farm is the salaš. There are also large reedbeds, extensive carp ponds, sands, flood plains and low mountains. Vojvodina makes up some 20% of the territory of Serbia. It also represents its most heterogenous region, both ethnically and culturally. There are many large village settlements in Vojvodina with at least 10 different ethnic groups where cultural heritages, including crafts and customs, are cherished; this includes their music and culinary customs.
Based on geographical divisions, Vojvodina comprises the 3 regions of Srem, Banat and Backa. Srem is located between the Danube and Sava rivers, and a part of its territory is under the slopes of the forested Fruška Gora (539 m above sea level) and flood plain of the river Sava. Backa lies between the Danube in the west and south, river Tisa in the south and Hungary in the north. The administrative centre of Backa and of Vojvodina is Novi Sad, a city with a proud cultural heritage. The eastern part of Vojvodina, between the Tisa river Romanian border is Banat. This part includes an outlying spur of the Carpathian mountains with a high point in the Nature Reserve ”Vršacki breg” (641 m above sea level).
Natural conditions in Vojvodina have influenced the formation of extraordinary natural diversity. The first national park in Serbia, The Fruška Gora, is located in Vojvodina. The Fruška Gora is a favourite recreation area for the people of Novi Sad and all lovers of the wild. It is famous for its lime, oak and beech tree communities, orchids and as an outpost for breeding Imperial Eagle. It's southern slopes give exellent conditions for cultivation of vines; the wines of Srem are known worldwide.
Several distinctive habitats of Vojvodina, including reedbeds, riparian forest, salt pastures and sand outcrops give rise to special conservation status. Slano Kopovo, Labudovo okno, Obedska bara and Stari Begej-Carska bara are Ramsar sites, and many are Importan Birding Areas (IBA) (Gornje podunavlje, Koviljsko-petroaradinski rit, Ludaško jezero, Palicko jezero). Special Nature Reserve ”Deliblatska pešcara” is a geologically important area of sandy grassland. Titelski breg is also important as a steppe outlier. Deliblatska pešcara is the most important habitat of the Saker Falcon in this part of the Europe. Sandy and loess outcrops, on the Danube for example, are important nesting sites for Bee Eaters and large colonies of Sand Martins.
South of the Danube and Sava rivers the typical Balkan mountain terrain imposes itself (about 80% of the territory), mostly forested uplands cut with ravines and flanked by mountain pastures. Peaks can reach 2000 m above sea level. Here there is natural habitat that is little touched by development. More than 90% of the water power of Serbia is in this territory.
Mountain ranges in Serbia comprise the Southern edge of the Panonian plain, Carpathian-Balkan area, Rhodophe area, the Dinaric area, Šar Mountain range and the Kosovo and Metohian valley.
Southern edge of the panonian plane consists of smaller regions of the central and western Serbia: fertile Macva in the valley of the Sava, and Kolubara in the valley of the Kolubara river; Podrinje in the far west of Serbia, broken by low and middle mountains, in the valley of the river Drina, the most powerful hydroelectric scheme in Serbia; Western Morava in the valley is known by Ovcarsko-kablarska klisura, a region of remarkable attributes which was shaped by the West Morava river under the steep sides of Ovcar and Kablar. There are numerous monasteries along its course. Veliko Pomoravlje in the valley of Great Morava, the largest Serbian river. Šumadija, the centre of Central Serbia, tamed and wild at the same time got its name from its thick forests which once covered it; hillsides of Stig and Branicevo in the vallies of Mlava and Pek, which were the centres of Roman expansion in the earliest centuries of our era.
Carpathic-balkanian area encircles eastern Serbia. Because of its dominant limestone geology this is a region with the most caves and waterfalls in Serbia, and past volcanic activity has left a number of dead volcanoes rich in minerals and mineral-rich spring waters. The drainage of the old Panonian sea in the distant past has cut the Djerdapska klisura, one of the longest, deepest, and most beautiful gorges in Europe, where the Danube crosses into Romania towards the Black sea.This region is also marked by ethnic diversity, including Romanian and Bulgarian influences, including a Romanian group called the Vlasts who for long bred sheep among the Slavs.
Rhodope area with its mountain ranges is drained by the South Morava. This is the oldest geological part of Serbia, and consists of cultuvated basins cut by ravines. The basin containing Leskovac is one of the largest in Serbia, and from its borders there rise 5 rivers. Eastwards, towards the Bulgarian border there is the second largest artificial lake in Serbia Vlasinjsko jezero which is notable for its floating peat islands. This whole region is encircled by montains higher than 1000m covered by forests and grasslands, and rich with springs. The region is also known for its harvest of blueberries.
Dinaric Alps area in the southwest part of Serbia is culturally prominent. Great Župan Stefan Nemanja here founded the Serbian state, and the Nemanjic Dinasty has left behind a number of memorials, some of which are UNESCO sites (Old Ras and Sopocani, Studenica. These monuments are the finest examples of Serbian medieval painting and architecture. The long period of the Ottoman Empire has also left deep cultural marks, especially in language, architecture and settlements, for example the so called oriental-balkanic type of settlements with casabas, steep curved stone streets and stone houses with entrances and wooden balconies facing the street. This architectural style can be found in the South of Serbia where the Ottoman rule held on the longest. The region is still characterised by the contrasting mosaic of Islamic and Orthodox culture.
In this mostly mountainous region there is a large number of relict and endemic plant and animal species, notably on Kopaonik, Tara and Golija mountains which have protected areas. Golija has been named as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve. In this area is also the Kanjon Uvca, one of the last Griffon Vultures habitats on the Balkans, and Sopotnicki vodopadi, waterfalls of outstanding natural beauties. Along the border with Albania lies the highest parts of the Dinaric system in Serbia (Djeravica on the Prokletije, the higest peak in Serbia 2656 m).
Šar Planina and the basin of Kosovo and Metohija include the southest and the southwestern part of the country against the borders with Macedonia and Albania. By demographic structure it is close to the Dinaric part of the country. Under the reign of Czar Stefan Dušan the Metohian basin, the largest in Serbia was the centre of the Serbian Empire with its centre in Prizren. Its name originates from the Greek word metoh which means church estate refering to the Medieval organisation of ecclesiatical lands supporting numbers of notable monasteries and churches. Some of these are under the protection of UNESCO (monasteries of Visoki Decani, Pecka Patrijaršija, Gracanica in the Kosovo basen, and the Church of Bogorodica Ljeviška. Kosovo and Metohija is an autonomous province in Serbia. Because of the current conflicts between Albanian and Serbian populations this territory is under international protection.
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